Molecule

The Molecule team was the first to hack the PS Vita and responsible for the majority of the reversing work done on the PS Vita.

Bootrom exploit
After having obtained a Boot ROM dump, Team Molecule searched for exploits in it. They found on 30/08/2019 their last and ultimate exploit: First Loader SLSK buffer overflow on some PS Vita prototypes. In August 2019, Yifan Lu exploited a DEM-3000H from A to Z and streamed it publicly.



Secure cryptoprocessor exploit
Secure Kernel was dumped in 02/2017 through the Octopus exploit. Boot ROM was dumped in 08/2018 through Glitching.

Non Secure Kernel Bootloader exploit - enso
The commonly spread definition of a custom firmware (CFW) in PSP and PS3 scene was a reboot-proof homebrew enabler (HEN). Team Molecule achieved this on PS Vita by exploiting a vulnerability in NSKBL eMMC init code.

Plugins API - taiHEN
Davee wanted a powerful API for patching PS Vita OS, making it more a Custom FirmWare.

Yifan's writeup

Davee's writeup

Kernel exploit release - HENkaku
On 29/07/2016 HENkaku was released. It was hosted on the website at the address http://henkaku.xyz/.

HENkaku enables homebrew by patching out signature checks (works similar to SceKernelModulemgr). HENkaku uses two kernel vulnerabilities: Vulnerabilities and Vulnerabilities and a usermode WebKit vulnerability. HENkaku only works as-is in firmware 3.60, however the kernel vulnerabilities it uses are present in all firmware versions up to and including 3.60.

Usermode exploit release - Rejuvenate
On 14/06/2015, Rejuvenate, which was the first public exploit that allowed to run unsigned usermode code, was released. http://yifan.lu/2015/06/14/rejuvenate-native-homebrew-for-psvita/

Secure Kernel exploit
It was no surprise that crypto processes were not handled by the kernel (such was the case for previous Sony consoles). Libraries that deal with encrypted/signed content (SELF loading, PUP unpacking, etc) all make calls to the Secure World. The hypothesis was that like many large manufacturers at the time, secure world was used for cryptography and security tasks. Getting access to the secure kernel was even harder than non-secure kernel because there was much less exposure and much less information. However, with a vulnerability that abused some lightly documented features of the ARM architecture, the secure kernel was dumped on 06/09/2014, a little less than a year after owning kernel. Unfortunately, almost immediately, the team found that secure kernel was a red herring. There was no keys or any sensitive information in secure world (Sony was wiser here than most other ARM device makers), but the sole task of the secure kernel was to communicate with an external processor, Cmep, that the team named "F00d" because of the 0xf00d value of the  field of the ELF headers.

Kernel exploit
For about a year, Team Molecule's research was focused on getting kernel code execution. Through some ingenuity and a lot of luck, on 27/08/2013 the first kernel exploit on the PS Vita was realized. The vulnerability was an integer overflow leading to a heap overflow and a misconfiguration that allowed a small portion of kernel heap memory to be leaked. The exploit and tools were completed on 01/09/2013 and for the first time, kernel memory was revealed. After a week of dumping the large kernel codebase (there were many factors that made it a slow process), work began in parallel to reverse the system software and find vulnerabilities that would grant code execution in kernel.

Usermode exploit announcement
On 18/08/2012, a vulnerability was discovered in PSM that allowed both for memory to be dumped and code to be executed. UVLoader was developed and in a couple of weeks, the first working native code homebrew ran on 12/09/2012. Although the source for UVLoader was released in anticipation for excitement in the homebrew community, there was no serious response from developers. Unfortunately, Sony used the source code of UVLoader to secure the system in later System Software updates and make usermode code loading a much harder reality.

Usermode ROP
In early 2012, the first usermode ROP exploit was achieved through the Web Browser. Memory dumps of the browser were obtained through a disclosed WebKit vulnerability that was not patched because Sony did not use the most up-to-date WebKit version. The same vulnerability allowed allowed ROP code execution. ROPTool was written to make creation and testing of ROP payloads easier.

PSPemu
Team Molecule has done some work on PSP in the past. Initial reversing of the PSP Emulator was done by members of Team Molecule including the first flash0: dump that opened the door for all future PSP emulator hacks.